Sutures and ligatures were used by the Egyptians and Syrians as early as 2,000 BCE.
人类使用缝线的历史非常悠久,你知道吗,早在公元前2000年古埃及人和叙利亚人就开始使用缝线和结扎了。
In simple terms, a suture is a type of thread used by surgeons to stitch tissues together. It can be used for bringing together tissues in case of an injury or incisions made during a surgical procedure. It can also be used for tying blood vessels. Several types of materials are used for suturing subcutaneous tissues, fascia, or deep structures.
简单来说,缝线就是外科医生用来将组织缝合在一起的线,其可以用于缝合外科手术中的切口或创伤造成的伤口,也可以用于结扎血管。缝合皮下组织、筋膜或深部组织时会用到几种不同材质的缝线。
The composition, thickness, or texture of sutures might vary. The suture material is chosen on the basis of the location and nature of the wound. In case of deep structures, the deep sutures below the surface allow the wound to heal faster, preventing the scar from becoming wider.The sutures on the surface close the edges on the epidermis, speeding up healing to provide a good cosmetic outcome. It is extremely important to use the right type of suture material, as that could impact the healing process. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) recommends that suture boxes must provide complete information about the type and size of the suture materials, along with the type of needles to be used.
不同缝线的成分、粗细或结构大不相同。通常医生会根据伤口的位置和性质来选择不同材质的缝线。缝合深部组织的缝线不仅可以加快伤口愈合,而且可以限制疤痕的范围。表面皮肤缝合则可以获得较好的美容效果。使用正确的缝线种类非常重要,直接关系到愈合的过程。美国药典建议缝线包装盒必须标明关于缝线材质的完整信息,包括类型和尺寸、以及针的类型等。
Characteristics and Uses of Sutures
缝线的特点和应用
因为缝线对于机体来说是异物,会在皮肤产生炎症反应。炎症反应在缝合第二天至第七天达到高峰。在缝合伤口或切口时,外科医生须确保皮下组织不遗留死腔。缝合不应过紧,以免影响血运而导致组织坏死。伤口的张力应该尽量小。缝线材料应具备几种特点:
- 非致敏(Non-allergenic)
- 足够的抗张强度(Tensile strength)
- 易于操控
- 打结牢固,为组织边缘提供足够的支撑,直至完全愈合
- 不易藏匿细菌或病原微生物
- 不会对组织造成伤害
无论是哪种材料的缝线,其目的都是保证伤口快速愈合。多年来,人类开发出多种不同类型的缝线,并根据其特性进行了分类。
Natural and Synthetic Sutures
天然和合成缝线
Some of the materials are natural, while others are synthetic. Natural sutures are derived from naturally-occurring substances. The examples of natural sutures include:
缝线的材料分为天然和合成两种。天然缝线取材于自然物质,典型代表为:
➠ Silk 蚕丝
➠ Plain/Chromic catgut 普通和铬制肠线(从健康的羊或牛的小肠提取的结缔组织或提纯的胶原蛋白)
Plain and chromic/coated catgut sutures get absorbed due to the process of proteolytic enzymatic degradation. Since these sutures are made from multiple fibers, they remain extremely strong in the first few days of healing. Thereafter, they lose their strength rapidly, within a couple of weeks. These can be used for muscle injuries, as muscles usually heal faster and they need strong sutures in the initial healing period. The popularity of catgut has waned with the advent of stronger, synthetic sutures and the likelihood of uneven absorption in case of manufacturing defects.
普通和铬制肠线在体内经过蛋白酶的降解可以被吸收。因为这些缝线由多股纤维构成,在伤口愈合的最初几天非常坚固。然而在接下来的数周时间里,它们的强度会迅速下降。肠线可以用于缝合肌肉,因为肌肉愈合速度很快,但在愈合初期需要强度很高的缝线。随着强度更高的合成缝线(Synthetic suture)的出现,以及由于不良生产工艺可能导致肠线吸收不均,肠线的使用率在逐渐下降。
Synthetic sutures are made from polymers such as polyamide, polyolefins, polyesters, and absorbable polymers that are derived from polyglycolic acid. Synthetic absorbable sutures are broken down non-enzymatically by hydrolysis, wherein water enters the filaments and breaks down the polymer chain. Due to this, these are not associated with intense inflammatory reaction that occurs in case of catgut. The synthetic absorbable suture material tend to cause milder tissue reaction than plain/chromic gut. The examples of synthetic suture materials include:
合成缝线由各种聚合物制成,例如聚酰胺(Polyamide)、聚烯烃(Polyolefins)、聚酯(Polyesters)、和由聚羟基乙酸(Polyglycolic acid)制成的可吸收聚合物等。合成可吸收缝线的降解并非由于酶的作用,而是通过水解(Hydrolysis)过程完成。正是因为这一点,与肠线不同,合成缝线不会引起强烈的炎症反应,仅会引起轻微的组织反应。合成缝线材料的典型代表如下:
- Vicryl(薇乔,聚乳酸羟基乙酸(Polylactic acid))
- Dexon(德胜,PGA,聚羟基乙酸)
- Nylon(尼龙,聚酰胺)
- Maxon(迈胜,Polyglyconate,聚甘醇碳酸)
- Monocryl(单乔,聚卡普隆(Poliglecaprone))
- PDS(Polydioxanone,聚二氧杂环已酮)
- Prolene(普理灵,聚丙烯(Polypropylene))
Absorbable and Non-absorbable Sutures
可吸收和不可吸收缝线
Sutures can be absorbable or non-absorbable. The terms 'absorbable' and 'non-absorbable' are self-explanatory. Basically, absorbable sutures are the ones that dissolve or get absorbed into the tissue. The time taken for such sutures to get absorbed will depend on the type of material, size of the suture, condition and the location of the injured tissue, and the overall health of the patient. The examples of absorbable sutures include:
缝线分为可吸收(Absorbable)和不可吸收(Non-absorbable)缝线。顾名思义,可吸收缝线在体内可以降解或被组织完全吸收。被完全吸收所需要的时间则因材质、尺寸、局部环境、伤口位置以及患者整体健康状况不同而不同。薇乔线的吸收时间为56至70天,而单乔线的吸收时间为91至119天。可吸收缝线的代表有:
- 普通或铬制肠线(Plain/Chromic catgut)
- 薇乔(Vicryl)
- 单乔(Monocryl)
- 普迪思(PDS)
对于愈合速度快,所需支撑力小的组织,人们往往会采用肠线进行缝合,例如口腔黏膜层或牵涉表浅血管的手术等。薇乔常用于缝合肌肉和脂肪组织,或皮肤的真皮以及皮下组织。PDS则多用于缝合筋膜和肌肉。单乔在软组织和皮肤切口缝合中多用。单乔和Maxon可用于皮下缝合。可吸收缝线大多用于皮下组织的缝合,因为其会引起明显的疤痕形成。
与可吸收缝线相反,大部分不可吸缝线能一直保持完整。有些缝线可以永久存在于组织中而不被降解或吸收。丝线被认为不可吸收,因为其降解的速度非常缓慢。不可吸收缝线一般用于内部器官组织的缝合,这些组织的愈合时间通常很长,例如机体内血运较差的纤维组织。不可吸收缝线的材料包括:
- 聚丙烯(Prolene)
- 尼龙(Nylon)
- 不锈钢(Stainless steel)
- 蚕丝(Silk)
- 聚酯(Dacron)
普理灵用于缝合肌肉、血管或筋膜,丝线则主要用于缝合肠子或血管,尼龙线多用于缝合皮肤伤口或切口。
Monofilament and Multifilament Sutures
单丝和多丝缝线
Monofilament sutures are single strand sutures, whereas multifilament sutures are braided sutures that are made up of several strands. Though a monofilament suture requires more knots, tying knots is easier and there's less likelihood of trauma to the tissues. It resists the growth of pathogens due to its structure. Its examples include:
单丝缝线是单股结构,而多丝缝线是由多股纤维编织而成。尽管单丝缝线需要打结较多,但打结较为容易且对组织损伤的风险较小。此外由于其单股结构,可以有效防止病原微生物的生长。此类缝线的代表有:
- Prolene
- Maxon
- Monocryl
- PDS
- Hexafluoropropylene(六氟丙烯)
- Nylon (兼有单丝和多丝)
多丝缝线,顾名思义,由多股纤维编织而成。不仅强度更大,且容易操控和打结。因为其特殊结构,所需打结较少。然而,编织的多股结构容易发生感染,因为其结构存在小的腔隙,可以为细菌的生长繁殖提供场所。典型代表包括:
- Vicryl (编织薇乔)
- Devon
- 铬制肠线 (搓捻)
- Polymerized caprolactam(己内酰胺)
- Silk (编织丝线)
总之,正确选择缝线对于伤口愈合非常重要。除了使用合适的尺寸和选择正确的材料外,使用正确的器械(如针和持针器)和应用正确的缝合技巧对于减少张力和疤痕也很重要。缝合伤口使用的缝合方法包括单纯间断缝合(Simple interrupted suture)、单纯连续缝合(Simple continuous suture)、垂直褥式缝合(Vertical mattress)、水平褥式缝合(Horizontal mattress)、皮下缝合(Subcutaneous)、表皮下缝合(Subcuticular)等。为了确保愈合顺利,须确保伤口血供正常。如果缝线脱开或伤口裂开,如果伤口周围有红肿迹象或有血性或脓性分泌物,须第一时间通知主管医生进行处理。
内容转载自@慢伤前沿公众号!